Natural Park of Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche

The Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche Natural Park covers 186,827 hectares in the far northwest of Huelva province, making it one of Andalusia's largest protected areas. The sierra rises as a natural barrier between the Guadalquivir depression and the Portuguese border, with elevations ranging from 300 to 1,085 metres at Pico de San Cristóbal. The terrain, shaped on a Palaeozoic substrate of slate and quartzite, is organised into broad valleys and rounded ridges where the dehesa of holm oaks and cork oaks defines the dominant landscape.

The dehesa—that agro-silvopastoral ecosystem in which trees are pruned and spaced to allow grazing beneath—reaches one of its fullest expressions here. Under the canopy of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) and cork oaks (Quercus suber), Iberian retinta pigs graze during the montanera, from October to February, feeding on acorns that fall to the ground. This seasonal cycle underpins the production of Jabugo acorn-fed Iberian ham, a designation of origin that has turned this corner of Huelva into an international gastronomic reference. The scent of holm-oak firewood and cured fat fills the streets of the ham-producing villages when the cold sets in each December.

Chestnut groves form the second most important woodland. Over 4,000 hectares of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) cover the dampest shaded slopes and gullies, creating closed-canopy forests where sunlight barely penetrates in summer. In autumn, chestnuts carpet the ground alongside golden leaves, and the people of Aracena, Castaño del Robledo and Fuenteheridos hold gathering days that continue a centuries-old tradition. The Gruta de las Maravillas, beneath Aracena Castle hill, offers 2,130 metres of open galleries with underground lakes, stalactites and stalagmites formed in Cambrian limestone—a geological contrast to the slate landscape above.

The fauna includes flagship species of the western Mediterranean mid-mountain zone. The black stork, shier than its white relative, nests on isolated rocky cliffs and feeds in dehesa streams and pools. A breeding colony of black vultures inhabits the sierra, alongside the more common griffon vulture. The Iberian lynx has been recorded in recent years in the border zones with Portugal, expanding its range from Sierra Morena. Mammals such as the Egyptian mongoose, otter, wildcat and common genet roam streams and woodlands, while red deer and mouflon occupy the largest hunting estates.

The network of whitewashed villages across the sierra numbers over 30 municipalities, each with its own architectural and gastronomic character. Aracena, the comarca capital, combines the Almohad castle, the prioral church and the Gruta de las Maravillas. Alájar preserves the Peña de Arias Montano, a natural viewpoint over the dehesa linked to the 16th-century humanist. Linares de la Sierra maintains artistic cobblestoned streets with geometric patterns made from quartz and slate pebbles. Cortegana and Almonaster la Real display, respectively, a medieval fortress and a 10th-century mosque—reminders of the cultural coexistence that shaped these borderlands.

Waymarked hiking routes exceed 800 kilometres, including the GR-48, which crosses Sierra Morena from east to west. Paths link villages in stages of 10 to 20 kilometres along dehesa tracks, transhumance drove roads and old cobbled royal highways. Mountain biking has dedicated routes using forest tracks and livestock paths. In spring, the banks of the Río Múrtigas and Arroyo Galaroza burst with oleander blossom, and meadows beneath the dehesa fill with daisies and yellow charlock.