Natural Park of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas

The Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas covers 214,336 hectares in the province of Jaén, making it the largest protected area in Spain and the second largest in western Europe. The territory groups three mountain systems — Sierra de Cazorla, Sierra de Segura, and Sierra de Las Villas — that form an orographic barrier intercepting Atlantic weather systems and generating exceptionally high rainfall for Andalusia: between 1,200 and 2,000 mm annually on north-facing peaks. From that water, the Guadalquivir river is born at the Cañada de las Fuentes spring, at 1,350 metres altitude, before flowing 657 kilometres to the Atlantic.

The park holds singular wildlife populations in an Iberian context. The bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) was reintroduced here from 1986 within the first species recovery programme on the Peninsula; the Cazorla breeding nucleus is now the southernmost in Europe. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) reach densities of up to 30 individuals per km² in some zones; during the October rut, the bellowing of competing males echoes across valleys from dawn. The Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) colonises the rocky walls of the Empanadas massif and the ridges of the Sierra de Las Villas. In the rivers, brown trout (Salmo trutta) thrive in fast, well-oxygenated water; the Eurasian otter and grey heron frequent calmer stretches of the Guadalquivir and its tributaries.

Hiking is the park's central activity. The Cerrada de Elías trail runs 9.5 kilometres alongside the Borosa river through a limestone gorge where water has carved intensely blue pools between walls over 100 metres high. The route ends at Lago Valdeazores and the Aguas Negras power station; returning the same way accumulates around 400 metres of elevation and takes four to five hours. Four-wheel-drive and mountain-bike routes cover the 45 kilometres of forest tracks connecting the Tranco reservoir — 12 km long — with the La Iruela area and the town of Cazorla. The village of Cazorla, perched below an Arab castle and a ruined sixteenth-century church, serves as the main logistical base with rural accommodation, game restaurants, and specialist guides.

The botanical garden at the Torre del Vinagre interpretation centre, at kilometre 17 of the A-319 road inside the park, holds more than 500 native plant species from the massif, including the most fragile endemics such as Viola cazorlensis and Pinguicula vallisneriifolia, a carnivorous plant growing on the seeping limestone walls of the ravines. The garden is open year-round and entry is free. The centre also provides detailed maps of the park's trail network and information on current access restrictions.